Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay Example

Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay Example Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay The states rich tradition of manufacturing gold jewellery dates back to several centuries. Some of the popular traditional Assamese jewellery include earrings with exquisite Lokaparo, Keru, Thuriya, Jangphai, Long Keru, Sona or Makori; an array of necklaces including Golpata, Satsori, Jon biri, Bena, Gejera, Dhol biri, Doog doogi, Biri Moni, Mukuta Moni, Poalmoni, Silikha Moni and Magardana, and diversified rings including Senpata, Horinsakua, Jethinejia, bakharpata and others.Some designs are exclusively found in this region only. The jewellery is typically hand-made, and the designs mostly depict floral and faunal treasures of the region. Traditional designs of Assamese jewelleries are simple but decorated with vibrant red gemstone, ruby or mina. Black, red and green colours on gold jewellries are most favourites among the buyers; these colours also dominate the traditional dresses of tribes and communities of the northeastern states.Some designs of traditional Assamese ornaments are directly derived from the elements of tribal culture. These designs and motifs sometimes have found space in these ornaments directly, and sometimes by blending. The Jangphai Keru and Gamkharu for example, were originally tribal ornaments. Lokaparo, which is an ornament with two sets of twin pigeons placed back to back in gold, mina or ruby was originally worn by high profile male dignitaries of the royal Ahom dynasty.Gamkharu, a pair of gold bangle, originally used by male only, now has formed an essential ornament of the Bihu d ance costume of girls. References to traditional Assamese ornaments date back to the time of Mahabharata at least. During the seventh century, Bhaskarvarma, the King of Barman dynasty of Kamrupa or ancient assam, had sent a handsome quantity of Assamese ornaments along with other valuable gifts to king Harsavardhana, the great Indian emperor.Bhaskarvarma inherited some of these ornaments from his predecessor Bhagadatta, who fought on the plains at Kurukshetra. The manufacture of gold ornaments, as well as gold-washing flourished in medieval Assam during the reign of the Ahom dynasty. Gold dust was abundantly found in the sands of different rivers of the state, but mainly from the river Subansiri, one of the major tributaries of the Brahmaputra. During the rule of the Ahom Kings, gold-washing on the banks of the Subansiri (meaning: flow of gold) was a major profession of the Sonowal Kacharis.Jorhat and Sonari in Upper Assam, Nagaon in central Assam and Barpeta in lower Assam have bee n major hubs of manufacturing of Assamese jewelleries throughout the centuries. The jewellers are called sonari in Assamese language. Their technique of making jewellery bears resemblances to the traditions of South East Asia, much more than to other nearby parts of India itself. There are also similarities with the Kundan jewellery art of rajasthan. During 1853, there were four gold-washing mahals in the state.

Using the Spanish Word Claro

Using the Spanish Word Claro Other than sà ­, the word for yes, claro is the word most commonly used in Spanish for expressing agreement, either with something someone has said or with a statement expressed earlier by the speaker. As an intensifier, claro can be translated in a variety of ways, depending on the context. Common translations include of course, evidently, obviously and yes. In such usages claro usually functions as a sentence adverb or an interjection. Claro also has uses as an adjective and noun. Claro as an Adverb or Interjection When expressing the idea of obviousness or certainty, claro frequently is followed by que. However, it can also be used in other ways as shown in the examples . Note that as an adverb or interjection, claro always takes the form of claro; there is no change for gender. Claro que esto no es bueno. (Clearly this isnt good.)Claro que no todo es un lecho de rosas. (Obviously not everything is a bed of roses.)Sà ­, claro, quiero saber dà ³nde ests, cà ³mo ests. (Yes, of course, I want to know where you are, how you are.)-  ¿Me reconoces? -  ¡Claro que sà ­! (Do you recognize me? Of course!) ¡Claro que no puedes! (Of course you cant!)Claro que tienes pruebas. (Surely you have proof.) ¡Claro que no! (Of course not!) ¿Salimos?  ¡Claro! (Are we leaving? Sure!)Sabemos lo que sabemos, claro. (We know what we know, evidently.)Nunca lo creà ­, pero ahora lo veo claro. (I never believed it, but now I see it clearly.) Claro as an Adjective As an adjective, claro varies in form with number and gender. It has a variety of meanings including light in color, clear, evident, weak or thin (in the sense of being watered down), and frank. Either Est claro que or Es claro que can be used as the equivalent of It is clear that. The former tends to be more common in Spain, the latter in Latin America. El cristalino es la parte clara del ojo que ayuda a enfocar la luz. (The lens is the clear part of the eye that helps focus light.)Muchas personas prefieren las explicaciones ms claras. (Many people prefer the simplest explanations.)Est claro que vamos a sufrir. (It is obvious we are going to suffer.)No es claro que pueda sortear este problema sin ayuda. (It is not clear that she can navigate this problem without help.)La pulpa de esta fruta es verde claro y muy dulce. (This fruits pulp is light green and very sweet.)Quiero comprender, pero no es clara la oracià ³n. (I want to understand it, but the sentence isnt clear.)La solucià ³n filtrada adquiere consistencia de jarabe claro con pelà ­cula viscosa en la superficie. (The filtered solution acquires the consistency of clear  syrup with a thick film on the surface.)La actriz es muy clara sobre su vida amorosa. (The actress is very frank about her love life.) Claro as a Noun Un claro is a clearing (as in a forest) or some other kind of empty space. Los fotos muestran un claro en la jungla con rboles ennegrecidos por el fuego. (The photos show a clearing in the jungle with trees blackened by the fire.)Se abrià ³ un claro entre las nubes. (A break in the clouds opened up.)Hay un claro en la pared para las ventanas. (There is an opening in the wall for the windows.) Moonlight is claro de luna. El claro de luna era nuestra mejor compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. (The moonlight was our best company.)

Strategic Sourcing and E-Procurement currently is at King Faisal Essay

Strategic Sourcing and E-Procurement currently is at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center - Essay Example Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the application of sourcing and procurement management strategy in Boeing Company. The choice of Boeing is based on its strategic position in the aircraft manufacturing sector and the series of problems it faces of late. Using, appropriate theoretical framework, deduced from the work of previous researchers, the company was diagnosed, and the supply chain and suppliers relationship mapped out. Porters value chain framework also help us develop some feedback and the way forward where some value drivers, core competences and competitive advantage were identified. Our recommendation is for KFSHRC to have suppliers dotted all over the areas and the need to link them through a common data base was emphasized. The report of calls on top management to successfully adjust Porters value chain to suit its need. Our recommendation is for customers and suppliers to be effectively integrated into the value chain, where consumers become Pro-sumers and suppliers are turned into consumers. The existing relationship with partners, suppliers, and customers should be turned in to a long term collaboration relationship. KFSHRC should integrate its logistics, procurement, operations, and marketing functions with other supply chain members so that materials, information, component parts, and finished product flow seamlessly from point of origin to final customer at low unit cost and at high levels of service (Christopher 1992). 1.0 Introduction Sourcing and e-procurement is a strategic tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements ( Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). In the 90s, Sourcing and e-procurement gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon for improving performance (Ramsay 2000). To minimize wastages and meet up with customers demand. Today, to reduced lead time, goods must be stored in a warehouse at the right quantity and within the right time. Customers and suppliers are important stakeholders. "Stakeholders are those individual or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfill their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends" (Johnson

Annotated Bibliography for Staff and Skills Essay - 1

Annotated Bibliography for Staff and Skills - Essay Example In addition, it also forms an essential supplier of cooking gas in the country delivering to over 62.4 million numbers of households in the country. The company’s research and development centre which is located at Faridabad generates the most outstanding of technologies and solutions for the various operating divisions of the company and to its customers throughout the country and also abroad. The organizational structure of Indian Oil is rather flat with very few levels of management intervention between the staffs and the management. Instead of being supervised through numerous management layers, staffs are greatly involved with the decision making process of the company. The company is known for nurturing employee involvement through a decentralized decision making process (IOCL, 2012). Indian Oil- Structure, Strategy, System, Style Indian Oil represents a flat hierarchical structure which is primarily functional in nature. The company is divided into units and subunits ac cording to their areas of functions. The company has equal presence both in the refineries as well as marketing segments. With the help of an integrated supply chain model the organization integrates between its various divisions and functional units. Each division is headed by a Director who is responsible for reporting to the Chairman. The importance of differentiating between the various functional divisions is that they maintain their own knowledge and technology for producing their own products. Each of the functional divisions also caters to their own markets and areas of operation. However, there is ample integration between the various functional units. Interlinked through an effective communication and information system, the organization enhances knowledge sharing between each functional component. The functional organizational structure has each unit operating their own marketing divisions. These marketing segments operate according to the conditions and situations where they function and the markets in which they operate (Klassen & Menor, 2005, p.411). Role of the Leader/Management in Indian Oil The management and leadership programs in Indian Oil represent a participative style of leadership. Decision making by the management is particularly designed for acquiring the views and suggestions of employees of the organization. Employee empowerment programs are made crucial components of the HR practices and strategies of the corporation. This is done with the aim to acquire strong commitment and devotion of employees towards the organization. Also the accountability, responsibility and liability of employees as decision makers of strategies and work processes are greatly enhanced through this system. However, the presence strong business leaders in the company cannot be ruled out. It is guided and directed through a handful of very strong and competent business leaders who provide strategic direction to the company. Particularly during the presence of crisis situations and fluctuations in business conditions, the role of the management played a crucial role in handling the turmoil situations effectively. Also effective leadership and management control played a role in exploiting the adverse economic conditions for capturing some of the emerging markets in the country. The company also demonstrates an effective and strong human resource management system

Appraising the Secretaries at Sweetwater University Essay Example for Free

Appraising the Secretaries at Sweetwater University Essay 1.What is computer? -Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information.The term ‘computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate.Computer can not do anything without a Program.it represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. 2.Four functions of computer -The four basic functions of a computer are input, processing, output and storage. Input is the information which is entered into the computer. Processing is performing operations on or manipulating data. Output is the result of the data processing. Storage refers to devices that can retain the data when the computer is deactivated. 3.Computer system -A system of interconnected computers that share a central storage system and various peripheral devices such as a printers, scanners, or routers. Each computer connected to the system can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate with other external devices and computers. 4.Classifications of computer according to 3 devices (1) Micro computers: These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU. These computers are also called personal computers. Two major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at time thats why they are also known as personal computers. (2) Mini Computers: These are powerful computer. These computers come into existence in 1960s at that time mainframe computer was very costly. Mini computers were available in cheap prices, so users start using it. (3) Mainframe Computer: It as a very powerful and large computer. You can get  idea of its power as it can handle processing of many users at a time. Terminals are used to connect a user to this computer and users submit there task through mainframe. Terminal is a device which has keyboard and a screen. By using terminal users put inputs into the computer and get the output through screen. (4) Super Computers: As the name super computer specifies that these are most powerful computers even than mainframe. Actually, when we optimize a mainframe computer then we get super computer. 5. History of computer The word ‘computer’ originally implied a person, who, under instructions from a mathematician, performed mechanical calculations. Mechanical calculating devices such as the abacus were often put to use to aid this process. At the end of the Middle Ages, mathematics and engineering in Europe received a considerable boost, thus leading to the invention of numerous mechanical calculating devices. The technology for clockwork was developed by the early 17th century. The period between the early 19th century and early 20th century saw the development of a number of technologies which would be vital for the development of the digital computer later on. Some examples are the punched card and the valve. Charles Babbage was the first person to design a fully programmable computer as early as 1837. However, he was unable to actually construct his computer due to a variety of reasons. Analog computers were increasingly used in the first half of the 20th century for a number of scientific computing needs. However, they became obsolete after the development of the digital computer. The first digital computer was the Atanasoff Berry Computer . It used a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, a separation of memory and computing functions and regenerative memory. Binary math and electronic circuits – both of which are used in today’s computers – were first used in the Atanasoff Berry Computer. In the 1930’s and 1940’s, newer and more efficient computers were continuously developed. Gradually, they came to possess the key features which are present in modern day computers – digital electronics and flexibility of programming. Among the more important machines to be developed during this time, the American ENIAC was prominent. It was a general purpose machine, but had an inflexible architecture. Later a far superior technique known as the stored program architecture was  developed. It is the foundation from which all modern computers are derived. Throughout the 1950’s, computer design [http://www.online-computers.info] was primarily valve driven. This was later replaced by transistor-driven design in the 1960’s. Transistor-based computers were smaller, faster and cheaper, and hence commercially viable. Integrated circuit technology, adopted in the 1970’s enabled computer production costs to hit a new low, so that even individuals could afford them. That was the birth of the personal computer, as it is known today. 6.Examples of Input,Output Devices: *Manual- Abacus,Slide rule,Leibiniz’z Calculator,Napier’s bones,Pascal calculator,Babbage’s Analytical engine *Electronic-Unversal automatic computer,Electronic delayed storage automatic calculator,Electronic discrete variable automatic computer,Electronic numerical integrator and calculator,Atanossof-Berry computer *Electromechanical-Automatic sequence controlled calculator,Jacquard’s Loom, Hollerith’s punched-card machine

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: Art Cannot Substitute Life :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

The Picture of Dorian Gray: Art Cannot Substitute Life      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, is the story of moral corruption by the means of aestheticism. In the novel, the well meaning artist Basil Hallward presets young Dorian Gray with a portrait of himself. After conversing with cynical Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian makes a wish that dreadfully affects his life forever. "If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that" (Wilde 109). As it turns out, the devil that Dorian sells his soul to is Lord Henry Wotton, who exists not only as something external to Dorian, but also as a voice within him (Bloom 107). Dorian continues to lead a life of sensuality which he learns about in a book given to him by Lord Henry. Dorian's unethical devotion to pleasure becomes his way of life.    The novel underscores its disapproval of aestheticism which negatively impacts the main characters. Each of the three primary characters is an aesthete and meets some form of terrible personal doom. Basil Hallward's aestheticism is manifested in his dedication to his artistic creations. He searches in the outside world for the perfect manifestation of his own soul, when he finds this object, he can create masterpieces by painting it (Bloom 109). He refuses to display the portrait of Dorian Gray with the explanation that, "I have put too much of myself into it" (Wilde 106). He further demonstrates the extent to which he holds this philosophy by later stating that, "only the artist is truly reveled" (109). Lord Henry Wotton criticizes Basil Hallward that, "An artist should create beautiful things but should put nothing of his own life into them" (Wilde 25). Ironically, the purpose of Basil Hallward's existence is that he is an aesthete striving to become one with his art (Eriksen 105). It is this very work of art which Basil refuses to display that provides Dorian Gray with the idea that there are no consequences to his actions. Dorian has this belief in mind when he murders Basil. Here we see that the artist is killed for his excessive love of physical beauty; the same art that he wished to merge with is the cause of his mortal downfall (Juan 64).

Children in the reception class Essay

The setting in which I am carrying out this assessment is a county infants school in the reception class. The school is located on the outskirts northwest of the town Ipswich. There are children altogether attending the school and there are twenty-eight children in the reception class. Inside the classroom there is space on the carpet for all the children to sit, there are tables and chairs but not enough for all of the children. They have regular use of a classroom (that will be used when the next year of children move up at Easter) and also the main hall. Outside there is a large playground with an adventure playground at one end containing climbing apparatus, there is also a medium sized field that is only used in good weather. The children in the school are all aged between four and seven years. The class I am focusing on has children in the age range of four and five. The class follows the Foundation Stage curriculum. Aim The aim of this assessment is to devise a medium term plan and to plan a range of activities and experiences that would benefit development for children aged between four and five years. The activities I will be planning will be closely linked to the six areas of learning from the Foundation Stage curriculum. Mind map-China this activity involves the whole class, they will all sit down in a large group and the teacher will sit at the front with a large piece of paper and a large pen. The teacher will ask for any ideas they know about the subject (in this case China) and write down any suggestions they have that are relevant to the subject. Rationale The curriculum plan I have designed is to be carried out over a six-week period. This plan is what’s called a medium term plan, which is in more detail than a long-term plan (often done over a one year period). A short-term plan is more detailed than the medium-term plan and is often based on a daily or weekly basis. I am preparing this curriculum plan in the best way possible to promote the development in all areas. I have discussed with my placement supervisor about the suitability of my activities and also to have an incite on a curriculum plan already in order. I believe that children benefit best from having a wide range of activities and experiences, keeping the day interesting and keeping the children’s minds active. All of these would prevent boredom, straying minds and lacked concentration. My plan will be arranged around the fact that all children have different, but they all need to be treated fairly. The plan will be relevant to the age range four to five years because all the activities are planned for children just starting school that are working on the Foundation Stage curriculum. I will be making sure that my plan is age and stage appropriate by researching developmental norms/milestones, curriculum planning information and current curriculum plans that are being carried out. This needs to be done because otherwise the children will be under stimulated or they will not fully understand what they are doing or being asked to do. I decided on my activities by choosing two areas (communication, language and literacy and mathematics) and noting from my placement what the most effective methods of learning are there, then devising my own activities and made resources that are relevant. I will be discussing with my placement supervisor whether there are any changes that can be made or whether anything will be dangerous, biased, discriminative or harmful to the children’s health or safety. My chosen topic for my six-week plan is China (in particular Chinese New Year). The children will hopefully learn about the traditions that they have, presents and gifts they give each other, how they decorate their houses, about Chinese writing and speech and the style their houses and belongings are. They will also be learning the story of the animals, why they were racing and what order they came in. they will learn a new song that is about a Chinese boy and girl (the children can pick their names) and how they greet the greet their family on Chinese New Year day. The children will also be listening to Chinese style music and playing certain bars on the pentatonic scale that resemble said music. I hope to improve my knowledge of the subject medium-term planning. I will gain an understanding of appropriate activities and experiences that can meet all children’s needs and encourage their development. I will understand how to plan and implement the activities and use suitable equipment and resources. I will also be improving myself as a childcare worker in these circumstances. I will understand how I can help children’s learning. I will also learn how to relate activities and experiences to the early learning goals (ELG) The following are brief descriptions of four of the activities out of my curriculum plan: Mind map- the main area of learning this links to is knowledge and understanding of the world. For this activity the whole class will be involved, it starts with a large piece of paper (maybe with a picture) and some chunky marker pens. The practitioner asks the children what they know about the subject (in this case China). All of the children’s relevant suggestions will be written down leaving space to elaborate at the end of the subject. The practitioner’s job is to encourage the children and to write down what they say. This activity is mostly done to see how much the children know so the practitioner should not interfere or influence their answers. The only resources required are a large piece of paper and chunky marker pens. All the children have a fair chance to put across what they know, if some of the children seem to be dominating the activity, the practitioner will ask the quieter children whether they have anything to say.

Models of Corporate Governance

The basis of the model of corporate governance can be identified in their approach to the three dimensions of decision making which are considered as the essence of corporate governance. The decision making is centered round the three basic questions; (a) by whom the decisions are to be made, (b) for whom the decisions are attempted to be made and (c) what are the resources that back up the decision making approaches. The ultimate aim of analyzing the decision making process through these questions is to underpin the agency to whom the accountability is due to be directed[1] This part of the study deals aims to contrast the Islamic corporate governance with the Western approach which is exhibited by at least two models which this paper considers. Governance Framework in Western Perspective The European system of corporate governance encompasses a socially responsive corporation where the shareholders and others are encouraged to exert influence over policies that are being adopted to the extent that they are not in conformity with a socially responsive attitude. Similarly the board members and managers are not discouraged either to follow their view points so that the decisions make the firm a socially responsive one[2]. However such a direct influence over the functioning of the firm is not provided for in all the market systems. For instance in Germany and other countries like Austria and Switzerland the governance is administered by a two tier board consisting of a ‘supervisory board’ and an ‘executive board’. The executive board represents the top management and the members of the supervisory board is composed of outside professionals and in some cases employee representatives just to oversee and discipline the executive board. Even in the case of ‘managed corporation’ model widely prevalent in the United States directors and managers found it worth to take the advise of the institutional shareholders in the conduct of the business of the firm. When this relationship is further expanded it leads to the formation of a ‘stakeholder model’ of corporate governance which protects the interest of all stakeholders.[3] Managed Corporation Model The model of managed corporation answers the question of ‘by whom’. This model is underlined by large public companies with a dispersed shareholding[4]. Under this model managers occupy the central role with the authority to strategy formulation and setting the policies of the company. While the Board takes the responsible of hiring the managers the managers lead the directors and shareholders. The Board is also given the responsibility to monitor the performance of the mangers appointed and remove them in case of unsatisfactory performance. The shareholders’ role is limited to replace the Board in case of poor performance of the company. Thus the scope of corporate governance under this model is limited to the extent of appointing the right managers and controlling their performance. Socially Responsive Corporation Model This model takes the position to answer the question ‘for whom’. This model presupposes the interest of the shareholders as the foremost principle of corporate governance as laid down by the OECD ‘Principles of Corporate Governance’ [5] Thus the concept of shareholder value has been made the yardstick against which the performance of the management need to be measured. This is the practice in the United States, the UK and several other Anglo-Saxon countries and has also been recognised as a matter of prominence in Europe and Japan too. Under this model the institutions view the firms eligible for potential investment in their securities to have a clear market directive to enhance the returns on the existing capital. [6] Accounting and Corporate Governance The process of identifying, measuring and communicating information for facilitating the user to make meaningful decision is provided by accounting. According to Baydoun and Willet (2000) [7] accounting disclosures in ‘managed corporation model’ is often limited to the extent the individuals that control the resources needs the disclosure. However the fact remains that the corporate governance issues can be addressed and explained by detailed financial statements since these issues are normally concentrated on the agencies having a wider financial stake in the entity. This explains the terms with what resources and to whom the accountability is directed. Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The important principles of good corporate governance and the codes of best practice developed during the last decade, imply that directing the companies and controlling them to function according to defined moral standards which are acceptable to the community in general[8]. The principles do not just recognize achieving the economic efficiency or earning maximum profitability as the best practice. According to Mervyn K Lewis (2005)[9] there are two aspects which particularly shape the nature of Islamic corporate governance. The first one is concerned with the Shariah which claims sovereignty over all the aspects of life of any human being. It is so extensive it covers ethical and social issues; and also it talks about civil and criminal jurisdiction. Shariah lays down the principle that every believer of Islam must conform to the basic principles of Islamic Law. Each one of them is expected to observe the ethical standards derived from economic principles irrespective of the status or social position. â€Å"These ethical principles define what is true fair and just, the nature of corporate responsibilities, the priorities to society, along with some specific governance standards† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Secondly, Shariah has also provided some specific Islamic economic and financial principles along with the business ethical standards, which have a larger influence upon the corporate practices and principles. â€Å"Included here are the institution of zak ¥h (the alms tax), the ban on rib ¥ (usury) and the prohibition on speculation, calling for the development of an economic system based on profit and loss sharing† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Dimensions of Decision Making and Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The three dimensions of decision making with respect to corporate governance under Islamic perspective is answered in the following way: By Whom According to Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) the question of by whom the decisions are to be made the Holy Quran is providing a correct response by promoting mutual consultations and once decision is taken then there has to be a firm belief that it will do good to everyone concerned. He further adds that when the basic principles of Shurd are followed it requires the leaders to encourage others to take part in the process of decision making. Thus consultation is made the key word by Shariah and this implies that â€Å"An employee would be expected to contribute his or her knowledge to the formulation and implementation of the organizational vision, and consultative procedures should be applied to all those affected, i.e. shareholders, suppliers, customers, workers and the community† [10] For Whom Under Islamic perspective of decision making process there is the clear answer to the question as to for whom the decisions are attempted to be made. The answer is that the ultimate end of any business and economic activity that involve the human beings are to be considered as being done to the grace of Allah and the ways and means employed to accomplish the activities should never deviate from the law of Islam as quoted by Shariah in any way (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). With Whom and to Whom Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) points out that the third requirement for ensuring corporate governance principles in an Islamic perspective involves the process by which an effective religious supervision is undertaken. The objective of this supervision is to ensure that the operations, contracts, and procedures of the enterprise are in conformity with the Islamic code. Algaoud and Lewis (1999)[11] observe that the process covering the religious supervision is explicitly illustrated in the case of Islamic Financial Institutions. In addition the religious auditors provide a comprehensive report on the adherence of the Islamic principles across the full spectrum of the business activities. The religious audit helps to improve the functioning of any corporation towards achieving the Islamic principles by undertaking the following distinct functions: (1)  Ã‚   the religious auditor advises the Board and the top management about the acceptability of the transactions and the contracts proposed to be entered by the firm and also on the development of new products (2)  Ã‚   the second function of the religious auditor is to make a comprehensive report to the shareholders as to the compliance by the management the Islamic principles in the running of the organization and (3)  Ã‚   the audit of the creation of Zakah fund to ensure that the fund is created after a proper assessment of the amount to be contributed and the administration and distribution of the funds are carried out as per the Islamic principles (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005) Points of Distinction Hanifa and Hudaib (2003) [12] identify the following difficulties that the Islamic perspective of corporate governance face while adopting the best corporate governance practices. (1)  Ã‚   Under the Western approach to the corporate governance the business morality is primarily based on ‘secular humanist’ values governing the ethical foundations of the business while the Islamic perspective of corporate governance follows the principles laid down by shariah as the guiding force (2)  Ã‚   The basic beliefs and values in the Western corporate culture predominantly considers the self interest and even with some modifications there may not be the case that the larger interest of the society will be considered. This is totally against the Islamic principles (3)  Ã‚   Thirdly the Western model of corporate governance is based on agency theory and there is no place for stewardship theory.[13]The basic difference lies in the actors who are agents with a self interested opportunistic approach who can not be motivated to be stewards to act in the best interest of the principals. In the case of Islamic perspective of corporate governance there is no place for self interest of the agents, [1] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [2] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [3] Lannoo, K. (1995). Corporate Governance in Europe. CEPS Working Party Report No 12. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. [4]Pound, J. (1995). Ã’The Promise of the Governed CorporationÓ, Harvard Business Review, March-April, reprinted in Corporate Governance (2000), Harvard: Harvard Business School Press. [5] OECD (1999). OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD. [6] Lewis, M.K. (2003b). Ã’Globalisation and Corporate GovernanceÓ in M. Shanahan and G. Treuren (eds.), Globalisation: Australian Regional Perspectives. Adelaide:Wakefield Press. [7] Baydoun, N. and Willett, R. (2000). Ã’Islamic Corporate ReportsÓ, ABACUS, 36(1), pp. 71-89. [8] Gooden, S. (2001). Ã’Participation of Stakeholders in the Corporate Governance of Islamic Financial InstitutionsÓ, New Horizon, 114, November, pp.12-15. [9]Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Associ ation for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [10] Baydoun, N.; Mamman, A. and Mohmaud, A. (1999). Ã’The Religious Context of Management Practices: The Case of the Islamic ReligionÓ, Accounting, Commerce &Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 3(1 & 2), pp. 52-79. [11] Algaoud, L. M. and Lewis, M. K. (1999). Ã’Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking: The Case of BahrainÓ, International Journal of Business Studies, 7(1),pp.56-86. [12] Haniffa, R. and Hudaib, M. A. (2002). Ã’A Theoretical Framework for the Development of the Islamic Perspective of AccountingÓ, Accounting, Commerce & Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 6 (1&2), pp. 1-74. [13] Davis, J. H.; Schoorman, F. D. and Donaldson, L. (1997). Ã’Towards a Stewardship Theory of ManagementÓ, Academy of Management Review, 22(1), pp. 20-47.

Modern Concepts of Marketing in the Hospitality Industry

Modern Concepts of Marketing in the Hospitality Industry Modern concepts of marketing date back to the 18th century. Industrial revolution provided systems and infrastructure that allowed producers to manage the distribution of goods via the expanding mass media. Furthermore, mass production led to separation of goods and consumers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Concepts of Marketing in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competition for customers increased in the early 20th century causing greater focus on strategies for communication and advertising to persuade customers in crowded markets. In the 1950s, markets underwent significant saturation, which triggered intense competition for customers and led to the development of modern marketing strategies. The need to adopt diverse marketing strategies in the hospitality industry arose as the industry expanded to incorporate mass tourism, package travel and new concepts on restaurant services, which led to increased competition. Comprehension of consumer needs, identification of market segments and selection of appropriate tool for marketing is crucial in hospitality marketing. Market analysis provides business entities within the hospitality industry with information that facilitates adoption of strategies to attain strategic goals (Powers 28). Properly formulated market analyses provide a clear understanding of the target market and potential competitors. Maximization of the impacts of marketing activities depends on the comprehension of factors that influence consumers to buy a hospitality product (Hsu et al. 65). Marketing strategies that create consumer value and facilitate business entities to retain consumers increase profitability. In the hospitality industry, a company with effective and efficient marketing strategies successfully sustains a cycle of quality products, triggers consumer needs, and guarantees satisfaction.Advertising Looking for essay on bu siness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of consumer needs should highlight that the marketing strategies in use guides consumers in decision-making and do not pose threats to a company’s reputation. A business entity with proper comprehension of consumer needs can plan effectively on intervention measures that guarantee profitability in both the short-term and long-term (Reid 75). In addition, understanding consumer needs allows a company to target specific groups using hospitality products specifically designed for those groups. Market segments in the hospitality industry are distinct by unique characteristics that depict their role in matters such as price sensitivity and growth opportunities (Hudson 132). Therefore, business entities keen on determining profit potential and mistakes relating to a business venture must analyze individual market segments. Proper evaluation of market segments provi des information on the disparity of primary demand between segments of interest. Companies within the hospitality industry seek marketing tools with great impacts on consumers. An effective marketing tool should pay attention to the needs and preferences of consumers and facilitate high levels of satisfaction. Customization of hospitality products and services is one aspect of paying attention to consumer wants (Knowles et al. 48). A company that makes consumers feel appreciated safeguards profit maximization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Concepts of Marketing in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An advertising tool that is affordable to consumers significantly influences marketing activities. Brochures and magazines available to consumers on daily or weekly basis attract attention towards a company. Arguments on the effects of relationships between human resources and practices in the hospitality industry highlight the importance of strategizing on the management of human resource to guarantee quality services and the profitability derived from a hospitality product (Kusluvan 41). Customer satisfaction depends on human resource practices relating to training and communication. Satisfied customers have allegiance to a company and boost marketing activities by engaging in personal marketing. A company that does not address consumer needs increasingly loses its market share to competitors and may eventually have to exit the industry. Hsu, Cathy H. C., and Thomas F. Powers. Marketing hospitality. 3rd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 2002. Print. Hudson, Simon. Tourism and hospitality marketing a global perspective. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008. Print. Knowles, Tim, Dimitrios Diamantis, and Joudallah Bey Mourhabi. The globalization of  tourism and hospitality: a strategic perspective. London: Continuum, 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kusluvan, Salih. Managing employee attitudes and behaviors in the tourism and  hospitality industry. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2003. Print. Powers, Thomas F., and Clayton W. Barrows. Introduction to the hospitality industry. New York: Wiley, 1999. Print. Reid, Robert, and David C. Bojanic. Hospitality marketing management. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2001. Print.

8 most attractive universities for students and great destinations for tourists

8 most attractive universities for students and great destinations for tourists 8 Most Beautiful Places to Go to Graduate School Where to go to graduate school? If you are asking this question and reviewing opportunities where to go as a grad student, this article will give you plenty of ideas. We decided to discover most beautiful universities that do not only offer an interesting and useful study process but look amazing. The universities we are going to tell you about have an awesome look and provide students a wonderful surrounding area to enjoy free time from studying. Top most wonderful universities to graduate school 8. University of Colorado, Boulder The university is based at the Rocky Mountains and was built in 1876. The place has a dry and warm climate, which you will be able to enjoy by biking and hiking. You can definitely call this place green because of wonderful nature and historical buildings that surround the university. Boulder also has a local farmer’s market that runs from April to October and offers locals and students the freshest food. 7. Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA This lovely place with sunny days and awesome beaches is one of the favorite places for students and tourist who come here. A lot of people all over the world would live to set here and enjoy days by the blue water. Students who have a great opportunity to spend their college years here can swim, sunbathe, and surf all year round. 6. University of Washington, Seattle A beautiful place, however, with an oceanic climate and wet winters still deserves a place in the list of most attractive universities in the world. Here students have a lot of opportunities to develop culturally. The city is rich in music, arts, theaters, and museums. Also, the city is also famous for a delicious coffee. You will have a lot of space to walk around and enjoy unforgettable views. It is even hard to believe that some young people study here and walk those streets every day. 5. The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Five national parks, world-famous Salt Lake, warm summers and cool winters attract not only young people to enter The University of Utah, but tourist to spend a vacation here. From every point of the city, you can enjoy a wonderful view of Oquirrh mountain ranges. 4. University of Texas, San Antonio If you want to combine studying with exciting leisure, this place is number one. The city has a subtropical climate and provides a spectacular nightlife. However, the city has historical roots, it offers a lot of contemporary entertainments. There are a lot of places to visit around the university, such as Japanese Tea Gardens and National Park. 3. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI If you are attracted by rainforests and islands, then you must come here. This place is number one when it comes to outdoor activities, such as biking, surfing, and paddling. It is only 3 miles from the university to a famous Waikiki Beach where you can fully enjoy sunbathing, tasting delicious food, and having fun at night. 2. Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA The university and the campus are located along the coastline that provides a breathtaking view on the Pacific Ocean. The climate here suits pretty everyone. It is warm and dry, so students and visitors of the city can enjoy various activities. In 2007, The Pepperdine University campus was rated number one in the list of most beautiful campuses all over the globe. 1. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH The campus of this university is called one of the most awesome not because of nature here but numerous opportunities for students. Once you come here, you will be able to take pleasure in hiking, biking, and snowmobiling. The university is located along the Connecticut River and the White Mountain National Forest which are the places you must see. A remarkable architecture from 19th century adds charm to this nice city. Maybe this information will help with writing a paper for your school or college, so do not be shy to use it and get a high grade!

Law of Contract Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law of Contract - Coursework Example In the understanding of contract law, an ‘invitation to offer’ is defined as follows: â€Å"An invitation to the offer is a pre-determined proposal which is intended to generate an offer from the bidder of goods for a consideration, in order to effectuate an agreement.† In the case of British Car Auctions v. Wright1, we can further understand the definition of ‘invitation to offer’ in the context to the situation at hand: â€Å"There is no offer to sell, but always an offer to buy.† From this definition, we can analyse the effect of the email sent by Computerland to Cwmfelin University. Applying the definition in the case, the email sent by Computerland was not an offer, since there cannot be an offer to sell, but only an offer to buy. The actions on the part of Computerland further describe that it was a pre determined act, which intended to generate an offer from the buyer of the goods, Cwmfelin University in this context. Therefore, it can n ow be concluded that the mail sent by Computerland, having the intentions to generate an offer from Cwmfelin, was in fact an invitation to offer. The invitation was sent by Computerland, enticing Cwmfelin University to offer them a consideration for the delivery of Computers to the University. The fact that Computerland invited to an offer has now been established as a precedent which shall be followed to solve all the three problems given in Task 1 of the paper. In the first problem, we figure out that Cwmfelin University, after having accepted the offer to invitation from Computerland, offered to buy 50 Avocado machines at the price of 220 Pounds each, which shall be delivered to the University by the 15th September, at the latest. This was the offer made by Cwmfelin University to Computerland. After having received the offer, Computerland replied in this fashion: â€Å"â€Å"Thank you for your fax, which is receiving attention.† An agreement requires two ingredients to be fulfilled in order to be binding on the parties to enter into a contract. These are: a) Offer b) Acceptance of an Offer An ‘Acceptance to the Offer’ is defined as follows: â€Å"The act of communicating the offeror, informing him on the acceptance of the offer made by him, in exactly the same way the offer was made, and abiding by the conditions laid out in the offer.: Applying the law to the facts, we can infer from the statement made by Computerland does not amount to the acceptance of the offer which was delivered to them. The fact that the offer is still receiving attention implies that the offer is being considered either for a counter offer, for the acceptance of the offer or for the declination of the offer. There is no acceptance at this stage of time, and a decision as to what needs to be done is yet to be taken. Therefore, understanding from the principles of law and facts, it should be assumed that there was no agreement between Computerland and Cwmfelin Un iversity. The offer was still under negotiating terms, and Computerland had not made up its mind on the acceptance of the offer. Finally, Cwmfelin revoked the offer from Computerland, asking them not to send the computers. However, Computerland, without communicating its acceptance, did deliver the computers. It involves the performance of a contract which did not exist at the stage of actual performance. Cwmfelin University is safe under this situation, and the act of revocation of the offer stands valid, as

The 7 Variables of Culture during Chinese and American Business Essay

The 7 Variables of Culture during Chinese and American Business Negiotiations in a Corporate Law Firm - Essay Example â€Å"Negotiation is a process whereby two or more parties--be they individuals, groups, or larger social units--interact in developing potential agreements to provide guidance and regulation of their future behavior. Such negotiation can be conducted between nations; between companies; or between any two or more parties that need to cooperate or bargain to attain certain common or conflicting ends.† (Phatak & Habib, 1996) Most of the international negotiations are between two companies or two nations. Because of lot of differences like social, cultural, linguistic, environmental legal and technological, international business negotiations is not an easy task. Both the parties should have considered lot of factors before arriving at an agreement. The cultural dimensions of international business negotiations are defined by former professor of Eastern Michigan University, David A. Victor in his famous LESCANT model of cultural variables. They are Language, Environment, Social organization, Contexting, Authority, Nonverbal behavior, and Temporal conception. (The cultural variables for development of models of culture) Language is an important entity in every business negotiations especially in international business negotiations. The views and opinions of each party can be communicated properly if both the parties don’t have a language barrier. Language fluency and accent can affect a business deal. Both the parties must understand clearly what others are trying to communicate or convince. English is an international language or global language used in almost every country and in most of the international business negotiations it is used as the medium for communications. The competency of Chinese people in English language is less compared to some other countries like India, Japan or Pakistan. â€Å"English has no legacy in the land of China. In fact, China had a long history of deliberately avoiding contact with the